Cleavage Of Bonds in Reactions

Cleavage of Bonds:-
                                Cleavage of Bonds = Splitting of Bonds

So Bond cleavage is the splitting of a chemical bonds.

There are two types of bond cleavage: 

1. Homolytic Cleavage
2. Heterolytic Cleavage     

Homolytic Cleavage:-

                                         The meaning of Homolytic is Equall and homolytic comes from the Greek homoios, "equal", and lysis, "loosening". The two electrons in the Chemical bond are divided equally between the elements(atoms) it is called homolytic cleavage.

In the above images the atom A and B break in a such a way that each of atom get its single electron which is signifies as movement of only one electron. by half arrow. The neutral species which contain unpaired electron and produced by the homolytic fission of covalent bonds are called free radicals.

Heterolytic Cleavage:- 

                                            The meaning of Hoeterolytic is Unequal,  one atom gets both of the shared electrons. This type of bond breaking, where the electrons are unequally distributed so it is called heterolytic cleavage. 

Inductive Field Effect:-

The 'Inductive Effect' is an electron delocalization effect via σ bonds, the transmission of charge through a chain of atoms in a molecule that arises due to the difference in electronegativities of atoms in a molecules this induced effect is called inductive effect.

For Example,
In Propane the C–C–C bond has no polarity, so no Inductive effect because it connects three equivalent atoms, with identical electronegativities. The organic compound like C-C-C-Cl presence of a more electronegative atom attached to one of the carbon atoms will lead to bond polarization. The C–C bond in chloroproane is polarized by the presence of the electronegative chlorine atom.